Looking at the Baltic itself, Bryan Clark, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessment and an American submarine veteran, said its shallow waters “are acoustically very different” than others, presenting a different set of problems to be addressed. But like other waterways, there are chokepoints that can be monitored with new sensors and better cooperation among the NATO countries and Sweden and Finland in sharing that information about submarine movement. Clark noted that peacetime surveillance of Russian submarine operations is different from wartime’s “fire and forget.” Surveillance in peacetime requires great skills and is labor intensive, he added.
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