Volume 2: Much like the discussion of political warfare, talk of “hybrid threats” and “hybrid warfare” has returned.1 A recent Google Scholar search for the term produced roughly 9,990 results, with most publications—some 6,970—produced since 2014. This renewed attention should not come as a surprise, especially after recent Russian operations in Georgia and Eastern Ukraine and Chinese campaigns in the South and East China Seas and beyond. For the better part of three decades, Russian and Chinese military leaders have learned many lessons from observing U.S. and allied operations.
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