This follow-on study to the 2015 report “Winning the Airwaves: Restoring America’s Advantage in the Electromagnetic Spectrum” will describe how U.S. forces could create new options to counter “gray zone” and hybrid warfare being employed by Russia and China. The report will propose new operational concepts and associated technologies for electromagnetic warfare to enable precise strikes and electronic attacks, including ways to use swarms of small unmanned vehicles or loitering payloads that are currently under development.